The transcription factor BATF pioneers the differentiation program of effector CD8+ T cells through the interaction with IRF4

Basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like (BATF) plays a crucial role in CD8⁺ T cell (CTL) differentiation. Here, we demonstrated that BATF controls epigenomic and transcriptomic reprogramming of CTLs at the early stages of acute viral infection, thereby promoting effector CTL differentiation. Loss of BATF drastically perturbed gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and binding of key transcription factors. The BATF-interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) interaction was essential for BATF-mediated effector differentiation, as the BATF mutant lacking this interaction failed to induce proper chromatin remodeling and proliferation of antigen-specific CTLs. Notably, IRF4 binding thoroughly depended on BATF, whereas BATF retained binding capacity even in IRF4-deficient CTLs. Furthermore, BATF initiated chromatin remodeling without IRF4; however, subsequent dynamic epigenomic reorganization required IRF4. These findings suggest that BATF serves as a "pioneer transcription factor" spearheading chromatin reorganization upon antigen encounter. This fundamental role is followed by further rearrangement of epigenomic and transcriptomic landscapes through the cooperation with IRF4.