Phytochemical characterization and antimicrobial efficacy of Manilkara zapota (Sapodilla) seed extracts against multidrug-resistant pathogens

Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) is a tropical plant traditionally used in folk medicine for its therapeutic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and antimicrobial activity of M. zapota seed extracts. Standard pharmacopoeial methods were employed to determine ash values, inorganic elements, extractive values, and phytochemical composition. Methanol and water extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, as well as the fungus Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 1.25-10 mg/mL. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, and saponins, which likely contribute to the observed bioactivity. The results validate the ethnomedicinal use of M. zapota and highlight its potential as a source of novel antimicrobial agents, particularly against drug-resistant pathogens. Further studies are recommended to isolate active compounds and evaluate their pharmacological efficacy.