The Effect of Breast Milk Temperature on Comfort and Physiological Parameters of Preterm Infants: A Randomized Crossover Study

<b><i>Aim:</i></b> In neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), the temperature of breast milk can significantly influence the comfort and physiological stability of preterm infants. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of breast milk warmed to different temperatures (traditional bain-marie method, 37°C using a milk warmer, and 32-34°C using a milk warmer) on the comfort and physiological parameters of preterm infants. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This randomized crossover study included 24 preterm infants who were fed breast milk under three conditions as follows: warmed to 32-34°C, 37°C, and using the bain-marie method. Comfort was assessed using the Premature Infant Comfort Scale, and physiological parameters were evaluated before and after feeding. Nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman) were used for statistical analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The infants had a mean gestational age of 30.48 weeks and a mean birth weight of 1353.25 grams. Postfeeding comfort scores were significantly higher in the 37°C and bain-marie groups compared with the 32-34°C group (<i>p</i> < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in heart rate, oxygen saturation, or body temperature between the groups. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Breast milk warmed to body temperature (37°C) improves infant comfort without adverse effects on physiological parameters. Standardization of warming protocols in NICUs may contribute to improved care practices for preterm infants.