Device grade solid-state pouch and coin cell supercapacitors dual assembly using consumed battery waste to best utilization

Recycling of the e-waste is a crucial concern to maintain healthy ecosystem as the technological advancement of electronic industries leads to the disposal of old electronic gadgets. The sustainable and green approaches to utilize these e-wastes in novel technologies is the prime requisite. Hence, present work aimed to use spent dry cell battery waste extracted Mn₂O₃-C-ZnO₂ (MCZ) composite as e-waste to design and develop prototype device grade solid-state pouch and coin cells supercapacitors. Structural, surface morphological, compositional and oxidation state analysis of extracted materials have been performed. To optimise the electrochemical properties, the extracted waste battery material coated on stainless steel have been used in three electrode configuration followed by fabrication of symmetric solid-state device embedded with PVA-NaClO₄ gel electrolyte in dual assembly as prototype pouch (area 4 cm x 4.5 cm) and coin (diameter 16 mm) cells which delivered specific capacitance of 49.69 F g^-1 at 5 mV s^-1 and 7.93 F g^-1 at 25 mV s^-1, respectively with remarkable potential window of 2 V along with energy density of 5.32 Wh kg^-1 (@ power density 231.48 W kg^-1) and 0.44 Wh kg^-1 (@ power density of 291.67 W kg^-1), respectively. Formed prototype device have been used to demonstrate practical applicability as TRL-3 through powering small fan, and 'VNIT' acronym LED panel. This work demonstrates the possibilities of converting waste battery material into liquid-free pouch and coin cell supercapacitor devices, resulting in sustainable and economic benefits.