Fall Webworm Host Plant Preferences Generate a Reduced Predation Enemy-Free Space in Its Interaction with Parasitoids

Plants and insects are developing strategies to avoid each other's defense systems. Host plants may release volatile compounds to attract the natural enemies of herbivores; insect pests may also select host plants that are deterrent to natural enemies to avoid such predation. Here we investigated whether the host plant preference of <i>Hyphantria cunea</i> correlates with the attractiveness of these plants to <i>Chouioia cunea</i>, a parasitoid wasp that serves as the primary natural enemy of <i>H. cunea</i>. We found <i>Morus alba</i> was the preferred host plant for female <i>H. cunea</i>. Although <i>M. alba</i> provided suboptimal nutritional value for <i>H. cunea</i> growth and development compared to other plants, it attracted fewer <i>C. cunea</i> relative to alternative host plants. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis identified six distinct compounds among the herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) produced following <i>H. cunea</i> feeding. Notably, <i>M. alba</i> was the sole plant species that did not emit tridecane. These results suggest that <i>H. cunea</i> utilizes <i>M. alba</i> as a reduced predation enemy-free space, thereby minimizing parasitization by <i>C. cunea</i>. Our research emphasizes the importance of considering adaptive responses of herbivores within the context of multi-trophic relationships, rather than solely focusing on optimizing herbivore growth on the most nutritionally suitable plant host.