Research Advances in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy and Associated Adverse Effects for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

鼻咽癌是一种与EB病毒感染密切相关的上皮恶性肿瘤，在中国南方地区高发。尽管现代精准放疗技术显著改善了局部晚期患者的预后，但局部复发和远处转移仍是影响患者长期生存的主要因素。近年来，以PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂在鼻咽癌治疗中展现出显著疗效，为鼻咽癌患者提供了新的治疗选择。然而，这类治疗引发的免疫治疗相关不良反应涉及多器官系统损害，从常见的皮肤、内分泌及消化系统反应，到罕见但可能致命的心肌炎、肺炎等，均需引起临床关注。本文综述了鼻咽癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的研究进展及相关不良反应管理策略，以期为鼻咽癌免疫治疗实践提供参考。Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), an epithelial malignancy strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, is highly prevalent in southern China. Although modern precision radiotherapy has significantly improved outcomes for locally advanced patients, local recurrence and distant metastasis remain major challenges to long-term survival. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in NPC treatment, offering new therapeutic options. However, these therapies also trigger a spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), ranging from common cutaneous, endocrine, and gastrointestinal reactions to rare yet potentially fatal conditions such as myocarditis and pneumonitis, which require careful clinical attention. This review summarizes the latest advances in ICI therapy for NPC and discusses evidence-based strategies for managing irAEs, aiming to offer guidance for optimizing clinical practice.