Managing Adverse Effects Associated with Long-Term Glucocorticoid Use

The primary steroids produced by the adrenal cortex include glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgen precursors. Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat a variety of endocrine and non-endocrine conditions due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Approximately 1% of the population undergoes chronic glucocorticoid therapy, and this number is increasing. However, prolonged glucocorticoid use can lead to significant side effects, including adrenal insufficiency, hypertension, diabetes, and osteoporosis. Predicting and managing the adverse effects of glucocorticoids is important for maximizing their benefits while minimizing their risks. In addition, providing thorough education and support to affected patients is essential. Therefore, this review focuses on the management of glucocorticoid-related side effects, particularly the most commonly occurring ones.