Research Advances in the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Signaling Pathway: Implications for Atherosclerosis

The CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling axis is established as a pivotal regulator in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, with well-documented roles in orchestrating inflammatory responses, mediating immune cell recruitment, and influencing vascular remodeling. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge regarding the structural characteristics and functional properties of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway. This study delves into its specific mechanistic contributions to atherosclerosis, placing particular emphasis on its regulatory influence across diverse cell types, including arterial endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. Furthermore, the pathway’s integral involvement in both the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques is dissected, highlighting its critical impact on plaque stability and susceptibility to rupture. The review also extends to the pathogenic significance of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling in atherosclerosis-related comorbidities, incorporating the latest advancements in understanding its roles in coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular disorders. By critically integrating findings from the extant literature, this review constructs a foundational framework to guide future investigations and underscores the substantial translational potential of targeting this pathway for therapeutic intervention in clinical settings.