Research Advances in Immune Modulation Therapy for Patients with Severe Pneumonia

免疫功能在重症肺炎的发病过程以及疾病的发展过程中起着非常关键的作用，免疫过度激活或免疫抑制状态，均可能对患者的临床结局产生不利影响。临床上，免疫调节疗法已经广泛应用于感染、肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病等多种疾病，尤其在重症肺炎、免疫相关不良反应及慢性炎症性疾病中作用突出。重症肺炎病情危重，易伴发多器官功能障碍，近些年来，传统抗感染联合免疫调节治疗策略正向精准化方向发展。本文在阅读文献的前提下旨在梳理关于重症肺炎患者免疫调节机制、免疫细胞重编码、肺炎疫苗研发以及治疗方面的一些关键突破以及进展，以期为未来的临床工作提供有价值的参考。Immune function plays a pivotal role in both the pathogenesis and progression of severe pneumonia. Both immune hyperactivation and immunosuppression can adversely impact patient clinical outcomes. Clinically, immunomodulatory therapies are now widely applied across various diseases, including infections, malignancies, and autoimmune disorders, demonstrating particularly significant efficacy in severe pneumonia, immune-related adverse events (irAEs), and chronic inflammatory diseases. Severe pneumonia is characterized by its critical condition and frequent association with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). In recent years, the traditional approach of combining antimicrobials with immunomodulation is evolving toward precision-based approaches. Based on a review of the current literature, this article aims to synthesize key breakthroughs and recent advances in understanding immunomodulatory mechanisms, immune cell reprogramming, pneumonia vaccine development, and therapeutic strategies for patients with severe pneumonia. The goal is to provide valuable insights for future clinical practice.