A Novel Multifactor Authentication System Integrating Dynamic Image Grids and Cell Addresses Algorithm

This study introduces a novel graphical multifactor authentication (MFA) algorithm that integrates user image hashes and dynamic image grids with cell addresses, called dynamic image grids and cell addresses (DIGCA), aiming to optimize storage requirements while delivering robust security. The algorithm stores image hashes rather than actual images, significantly reducing storage space while maintaining security integrity. In contrast to an existing image recognition algorithm, the algorithm shows a drastic reduction of 99.9% in storage requirements. The MFA system is further secured by the use of dynamic grids, which ensures that even if user’s images are compromised, the specific grid positions remain unknown. Performance analysis demonstrates that the algorithm provides a high level of accuracy with a 95.36% success rate in user authentication over an extended period. Again, aside from the password space and strength of conventional text passwords, the image grid and cell addresses provided a large password space and entropy. With the minimum assumption grid size, it achieves a password space of 1.36 × 10 40 , which makes it virtually impossible for an attacker to guess the correct combination. In addition, the system is optimized for web‐based applications, ensuring cross‐platform compatibility and a consistent user experience across devices, from desktops to mobile platforms. The posttest survey demonstrated users’ satisfaction with the authentication process. Balancing storage efficiency with robust security measures, the proposed MFA algorithm offers a scalable and effective solution for environments requiring high levels of security with minimal data storage demands. The results underscore the algorithm’s potential as a superior alternative to existing MFA schemes, offering both security and practicality in modern authentication systems.