Protective Mechanism and Clinical Application of Probiotics in Perioperative Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

结直肠癌作为多因素介导的全球性健康负担，其发病率与死亡率呈持续上升趋势。尽管根治性手术仍是治疗核心，但围手术期肠道菌群失调、免疫抑制及代谢紊乱等病理状态显著增加术后并发症风险，并可能影响患者长期生存。近年研究表明，益生菌通过调控肠道微生态平衡，在结直肠癌防治中呈现多效性作用，包括但不限于：1) 重塑肠道菌群结构；2) 保护肠黏膜屏障完整性；3) 调控宿主免疫应答；4) 纠正代谢失衡。本文系统综述益生菌在围手术期的多维度保护机制及其降低术后并发症的临床应用潜力，以期为围手术期管理提供循证依据。Colorectal cancer is a global health burden mediated by multiple factors, and its morbidity and mortality continue to rise. Although radical surgery is still the core of treatment, perioperative pathological conditions such as intestinal flora imbalance, immunosuppression and metabolic disorders significantly increase the risk of postoperative complications and may affect the long-term survival of patients. Recent studies have shown that probiotics play a pleiotropic role in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer by regulating intestinal microecological balance, including but not limited to: 1) Remodeling the structure of intestinal flora; 2) Protect the integrity of intestinal mucosal barrier; 3) Regulating host immune response; 4) Correct metabolic imbalance. This article systematically reviews the multi-dimensional protection mechanism of probiotics in perioperative period and its clinical application potential in reducing postoperative complications, in order to provide evidence-based basis for perioperative management.