Time‐Series Land Subsidence Monitoring Based on GeoDistillBERT‐BiLSTM Framework in Mine Areas

ABSTRACT Land subsidence, the superposition of effects from natural environments and human activities, has posed substantial threats to sustainable development in mining areas. Monitoring land subsidence is particularly crucial. However, most monitoring models ignore the combined effects of subsidence‐induced factors, making it difficult to accurately capture the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of subsidence. To address this challenge, this study proposed a GeoDistillBERT‐BiLSTM framework for time‐series land subsidence monitoring by fusing multimodal features. Firstly, subsidence patterns from 2020 to 2022 were assessed through Small Baseline Subset InSAR (SBAS‐InSAR). Then, the Pressure‐State‐Response (PSR) framework was used to screen representative factors influencing subsidence from three aspects: human activities, natural environment, and subsidence velocities. Subsequently, a GeoDistillBERT‐BiLSTM framework was developed that combines a geological modal attention mechanism with a modality‐aware adaptive loss function. It could dynamically assign importance coefficients to different factors by generating spatiotemporal weight matrices, facilitating the fusion of multimodal features for time‐series monitoring, thus revealing the spatiotemporal changes of subsidence. Based on this, Geodetector is introduced to explore mechanisms behind subsidence dynamics. This study used the Dagushan open‐pit mine as a case study; it demonstrated that the GeoDistillBERT‐BiLSTM framework improves the fusion accuracy of multimodal features by establishing spatiotemporal weight matrices. Compared with conventional statistical models, the loss function L total reduced by 2%. Compared with other factors, human activities and their interaction with NDVI played a key role in subsidence mechanisms. This study provides a novel approach that integrates multiple factors and spatiotemporal correlations for time‐series subsidence monitoring, helping to prevent geological hazards in mining areas.