Classification of the Effectiveness of Commercial Registration in China from the Perspective of the Functions of Commercial Registration

我国学界对商事登记效力的理论研究虽早有所涉及，但就商事登记效力的划分一直未能形成共识。商事登记的效力是由商事登记的功能决定的，应将二者相联系，从商事登记的功能出发，探讨商事登记效力的划分。面向商主体、交易第三人或社会公众和国家这三类受益主体，商事登记呈现出确认商主体身份及其经营资格、保障与确认商主体商事权利与义务、保护善意第三人的信赖利益和交易安全以及国家监管商主体及其经营活动等不同的兼具公法与私法属性的功能。相对应地，商事登记的效力也应当划分为确认效力、对抗效力、公信效力和监管效力这四类。Although the academic circle in China has long been involved in the theoretical research on the effectiveness of commercial registration, no consensus has been reached on the classification of the effectiveness of commercial registration. The effectiveness of commercial registration is determined by the functions of commercial registration. The two should be linked, and starting from the functions of commercial registration, the classification of the effectiveness of commercial registration should be explored. Facing the three types of beneficiary subjects, namely commercial entities, third parties in transactions or the general public and the state, commercial registration presents different functions with both public and private law attributes, such as confirming the identity of commercial entities and their business qualifications, guaranteeing and confirming the commercial rights and obligations of commercial entities, protecting the reliance interests and transaction safety of bona fide third parties, and enabling the state to supervise commercial entities and their business activities. Correspondingly, the effectiveness of commercial registration should also be classified into four categories: confirmation effectiveness, confrontation effectiveness, public trust effectiveness, and supervisory effectiveness.