Transformation of Passenger Transportation Modes at Besakih Temple: Towards Sustainable Mobility

Besakih Temple is the center of Hindu religious activities in Bali which is visited by thousands of pilgrims every year, especially during major ceremonies such as Betara Turun Kabeh and Eka Dasa Rudra. The increase in the number of pilgrims has a direct impact on the transportation system in the area. The massive use of fossil fuel-powered motor vehicles causes congestion, air pollution, and disturbances to the tranquility and sacredness of the temple area. This study aims to examine the current condition of passenger transportation and to develop a strategy for transforming transportation modes towards a more environmentally friendly and orderly system. The approach used refers to the principles of sustainable mobility, operational efficiency, and local wisdom values, especially the Tri Hita Karana concept which emphasizes harmony between humans, nature, and God. The results of the study show that the implementation of electric vehicles, better traffic management, and the provision of integrated public transportation can be effective solutions. This transformation of transportation modes is expected to support the smooth implementation of religious ceremonies, reduce negative impacts on the environment, and maintain the spiritual values inherent in the Besakih Temple area. Therefore, sustainable transportation planning is an important step that must be encouraged through cooperation between the government and other community stakeholders.