A Digital Twin Framework for Electric Vehicle Grid Integration: A Multi-Campus Case Study Integrating Smart Wireless and Renewable Energy Systems

This study presents the development and performance evaluation of a digital twin framework for Electric Vehicle Grid Integration (EVGI) to advance e-mobility and renewable energy integration. The framework integrates a state-of-the-art <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$4 \mathrm{G} / 5 \mathrm{G}$</tex> cellular and LoRa-based communication infrastructure, enabling seamless data exchange and real-time monitoring through a cloud-based dashboard. A multi-campus testbed validates EVGI interactions with a cyber-physical system, comprising photovoltaic (PV) systems, battery storage, and an EV and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). Performance is evaluated based on round-trip latency and data packet collisions (losses), and connection stability. Results demonstrate that 4 G cellular networks achieve round-trip latency as low as 70 ms with superior connection stability compared to narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), while 5 G is projected to further enhance performance. This work highlights the potential of digital twins to unify smart communication technologies and renewable energy resources, providing a scalable approach to advancing EVGI and supporting the energy transition.