Feasibility Analysis of Utilizing Second-Life Evtol Batteries in Off-Grid Ev Charging Stations

The global transition to sustainable mobility and clean energy systems has made the reuse of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) a viable solution for improving resource efficiency and minimizing environmental impact. This research investigates the feasibility of incorporating second-life batteries (SLBs) from electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft into multipurpose garage parking off-grid PV electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS). The suggested EVCS is used to evaluate the aging characteristics of both first-life (FL) and second-life (SL) batteries. The findings indicated that despite the initial capacity of 85% and elevated internal resistance in the SLBs during their first eVTOL application, they had sufficient capacity and power to continue operating for a further 5 years until reaching the end of life at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{5 0 \%}$</tex> state of health in EVCS. The economic assessments of the suggested method indicate that SLBs achieve a net present value (NPV) of $ 112.75k over 20 years, surpassing the $ 95.11k NPV of systems using pristine batteries. This underscores the cost-efficiency of SLBs, although their additional maintenance demands. The results confirm SLBs as a feasible and economically sustainable option to enhance the infrastructure of decentralized EVCS.