Overview of wind generated ambient sound modeling techniques with data comparisons

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding ocean soundscapes, with wind-driven surface sound being a major contributor. Acoustic modeling of wind-generated sound has been studied extensively; however, inconsistencies in terminology and definitions have led to discrepancies in the predicted sound pressure levels (SPL). The issue became particularly apparent at the 2022 Ambient Sound Modeling Workshop, held in conjunction with the Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life 2022 Conference, in Berlin, Germany. A well-defined scenario was used to compare results from different models and researchers, revealing significant variations, with discrepancies reaching up to 10 dB in some cases. This presentation will review common approaches to modeling wind-generated sound including the ray-based method from Harrison [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99(4), 1996] and the wave-based approach developed by Kuperman and Ingenito [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67(6), 1980]. Issues related to incorporating the wind-based source-level model will be discussed. Additionally, the modeling results will be compared to measured data for several sites, including the one used in the Berlin workshop.