Spatiotemporal Activity Patterns of Sympatric Rodents and Their Predators in a Temperate Desert-Steppe Ecosystem

Understanding how prey and predator species partition activity patterns across time and space is essential for elucidating behavioral adaptation and ecological coexistence. In this study, we examined the diel and seasonal activity rhythms of two sympatric rodent species-<i>Rhombomys opimus</i> (Great gerbil) and <i>Meriones meridianus</i> (Midday gerbil)-and their primary predators, <i>Otocolobus manul</i> (Pallas's cat) and <i>Vulpes vulpes</i> (Red fox), in a desert-steppe ecosystem on the northern slopes of the Qilian Mountains, China. Using over 8000 camera trap days and kernel density estimation, we quantified their activity intensity and spatiotemporal overlap. The two rodent species showed clear temporal niche differentiation but differed in their synchrony with predators. <i>R. opimus</i> exhibited a unimodal diurnal rhythm with spring activity peaks, while <i>M. meridianus</i> showed stable nocturnal activity with a distinct autumn peak. Notably, <i>O. manul</i> adjusted its activity pattern to partially align with that of <i>R. opimus</i>, whereas <i>V. vulpes</i> maintained a crepuscular-nocturnal rhythm overlapping more closely with that of <i>M. meridianus</i>. Despite distinct temporal rhythms, both rodent species shared high spatial overlap with their predators (overlap index OI = 0.64-0.83). These findings suggest that temporal partitioning may reduce predation risk for <i>R. opimus</i>, while <i>M. meridianus</i> co-occurs more extensively with its predators. Our results highlight the ecological role of native carnivores in rodent population dynamics and support their potential use in biodiversity-friendly rodent management strategies under arid grassland conditions.