Impact of ergonomic behavior on the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders in dentists

Ergonomics is an interdisciplinary science that combines knowledge from engineering, biological, and health sciences to optimise the interaction between individuals and their working environment. In dentistry, ergonomics is particularly important because many dental procedures are repetitive and static, often requiring professionals to remain in fixed positions for prolonged periods. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are among the most common consequences of neglecting ergonomic principles in the clinical environment. These include a wide range of problems such as tendinopathies, carpal tunnel syndrome, pain in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine, as well as persistent tension in the shoulders and hands. Symptoms such as tingling sensations, muscle stiffness, and reduced range of motion are early signs of these disorders, which, if not properly managed, can lead to long-term damage. Existing literature strongly supports this connection. For example, a study by Alghadir et al. (2015) notes that dentists are particularly at risk for musculoskeletal disorders due to prolonged postures and precise work. Similarly, Valachi and Valachi (2003) emphasize the importance of ergonomic training and the use of ergonomically designed equipment to reduce physical stress. The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the ergonomic behavior of dentists in North Macedonia and to explore whether there is a connection between these behaviors and the appearance of musculoskeletal disorder symptoms. This assessment is based on data collected through a structured survey and aims to provide concrete recommendations for improving working conditions and the wellbeing of dental professionals. Ergonomics is the science that studies the interaction between individuals and the elements of the system in which they operate, with the aim of improving performance and wellbeing. In the context of dental practice, ergonomics is essential for ensuring a sustainable, healthy, and efficient work environment. Through proper design of equipment, work techniques, and body posture, ergonomics contributes to reducing physical fatigue and preventing long- term injuries. International research has confirmed the link between unfavorable working conditions and the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among dental professionals. For example, the study by Leggat et al. (2006) in Australia reported that over 85% of dentists experienced persistent musculoskeletal pain during their careers. Likewise, Rundcrantz et al. (1991) showed that the majority of dentists in Sweden report neck and back discomfort as a result of sustained working positions. This study aims to analyze the level of awareness and application of ergonomic behavior by dentists in North Macedonia, as well as the connection between these behaviors and the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders. The ultimate goal is to contribute practical recommendations for improving the physical health of dentists and preventing permanent injuries through regular implementation of ergonomic principles.