2,771% Triple-Source Ground-Symmetric Pile-Up Resonant Energy Harvester

This paper presents a triple-source ground-symmetric pile-up resonant (TGPR) harvester which extracts energy from a piezoelectric transducer (PZT), a photovoltaic (PV) cell, and a thermoelectric generator (TEG). While the circuit cannot exceed a maximum allowable voltage of the transistor (<tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathrm{V}_{\max}$</tex>), the voltage amplitude across the PZT can reach up to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$2 \mathrm{V}_{\max}$</tex> owing to the ground-symmetric structure. As a result, the TGPR harvester generates <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$887 \mu \mathrm{W}$</tex> of power from the PZT, achieving a <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$2,771 \%$</tex> improvement in power extraction.