ALZHEIMERS DISEASE: FROM CLINICAL PRESENTATION TO THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES

Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, primarily affecting individuals over the age of 65. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that impairs memory, cognition, language, and decision-making abilities. AD progresses through stages from a preclinical phase with no visible symptoms, to mild cognitive impairment, and eventually to dementia, which ranges from mild to severe. Although AD does not directly cause death, it increases the risk of life-threatening complications. The underlying mechanisms of AD are complex and multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. Familial AD results from specific genetic mutations and appears early, while sporadic AD, the more common form, develops later in life and has unclear causes. Key pathological features include the buildup of amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles, neuroinflammation, and widespread neuronal damage. Recent advances in biomarkers such as PET imaging and fluid-based tests have improved early detection and diagnosis. While no cure exists, emerging therapies aim to manage symptoms and slow disease progression. The complexity of AD pathogenesis continues to challenge the development of effective treatments, highlighting the need for a multifaceted approach to research and care.