Histo-Morphological and Ultra-Structural Study of the Effect of a New Sulfa Drug Derivative on Brain and Liver Poisoning by Cypermethrin in Male Domestic Pigeons (Columba livia)

This study reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel sulfa-drug derivative based on sulfapyridine and piperonal, and its application in mitigating cypermethrin-induced toxicity in domestic pigeons (Columba livia), and investigates the morphological and histopathological effects of a new sulfa drug derivative on the brain and liver of domestic pigeons exposed to cypermethrin toxicity. The study highlights the prevalence of cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, and its harmful effects on bird health. The research included 24 male pigeons, classified into control, infected, and treatment groups. The pigeons were subjected to specific doses of cypermethrin, followed by administration of the sulfa derivative to evaluate its protective effects. Histopathological analysis of brain and liver tissues in the cypermethrin-exposed group revealed extensive vascular congestion, inflammatory infiltration, necrosis, and disruption of cellular architecture. Ultrastructural examination further confirmed severe mitochondrial damage, chromatin condensation, and blood-brain barrier impairment. In contrast, pigeons treated with the sulfa derivative exhibited marked improvement in tissue integrity, including restored cellular morphology, reduced inflammation, and activation of autophagy-related repair mechanisms. This manuscript holds significant value for the scientific community as it sheds light on the toxicological impact of cypermethrin on different avian species, using domestic pigeons as a model, and addresses the pressing issue of pesticide-induced toxicity. By detailing the histopathological damage caused by such environmental toxins, the study provides critical insights into the potential health hazards facing both humans and animals. Moreover, the investigation into sulphonamide-based therapeutic strategies introduces a promising avenue for mitigating these harmful effects, contributing to the development of safer pharmacological interventions. This work enriches current toxicological literature and may serve as a foundation for future research in environmental health and therapeutic innovation.