Structural pathology and vulnerability assessment of monolithic stone columns at El Ashmonein Site, Egypt

This study assesses the structural vulnerability of ancient monolithic granite columns at the El-Ashmonein site in Minia, Egypt, focusing on seismic and flood risks. Using Finite Element Modeling (FEM), modal analysis, and in situ surveys, both sound and decayed columns were analyzed. Seismic simulations showed top displacements of 2.44 cm in sound columns and 3.34 cm in decayed ones, a 37% increase due to degradation. Modal analysis revealed a longer fundamental period (0.58 s) and lower frequency (1.73 Hz) in decayed columns, raising resonance risk. Flood simulations with water depths of 1–3 m showed maximum lateral deformations of up to 20.7 cm in decayed columns, exceeding their sliding resistance at 3 m depth. These results highlighted the heightened vulnerability of deteriorated columns and emphasize the need for integrated conservation strategies. A simulation-based model for interventive conservation was proposed to enhance structural resilience against seismic and flood hazards.