Revelatory, Ontological, or Transformative? On Luther and the Theological Function of Paul’s ‘Strength in Weakness’ (2 Cor. 12:9–10)

Abstract Paul’s ‘strength in weakness’ paradox is often viewed as the thematic climax of 2 Corinthians; however, there is both confusion and debate regarding its theological function. This article introduces the main perspectives—the ‘ontological’ view (human weakness precedes and actualizes divine power) and the ‘revelatory’ view (power is best perceived in weakness)—with a focus on the influence of Martin Luther, who is often cited by revelatory readers. Through a review of Luther’s interpretation of 2 Cor. 12:9–10, I demonstrate that his work escapes simple categorization and offers some support for each of the existing perspectives. It also points to a fresh reading of the passage that exploits overlooked details, especially the movement of power from Christ to Paul (v. 9b). In critical dialogue with Luther, I propose a ‘transformative’ view of the paradox that incorporates elements of the existing views and moves beyond them by emphasizing a broader range of the paradox’s effects and a more nuanced reading of human and divine agency. Rather than displacing those in Christ, Paul shows how divine power, in paradoxical congruence with weakness, is particularly effective in transforming his knowledge, emotions, and behaviour (v. 10). This leads to the outline of a new logic for reconciliation with the community, in which an experience of the paradox may encourage, even create, reciprocal love (v. 15).