An Immunomodulating Peptide with Potential to Promote Anticancer Immunity Without Compromising Immune Tolerance

<b>Background:</b> Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with lung cancer and metastatic melanoma is associated with exacerbation of autoimmune-related diseases. The efficacy of treatment targeting the programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) checkpoint relies upon a feedback loop between interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and the interleukin-12 isoform, IL-12p40. Paradoxically, both cytokines and the anti-PD-1 antibody worsen psoriasis. We previously reported an immunomodulating peptide, designated IK14004, that inhibits progression of Lewis lung cancer in mice yet uncouples IFN-γ from IL-12p40 production in human immune cells. <b>Methods</b>: Immune cells obtained from healthy donors were exposed to IK14004 in vitro to further characterise the signalling pathways affected by this peptide. Using C57BL/6 immunocompetent mice, the effect of IK14004 was tested in models of lung melanoma and psoriatic skin. <b>Results</b>: Differential effects of IK14004 on the expression of IFN-α/β, the interleukin-15 (IL-15) receptor and signal transducers and activators of transcription were consistent with immune responses relevant to both cancer surveillance and immune tolerance. Moreover, both melanoma and psoriasis were inhibited by the peptide. <b>Conclusions</b>: Taken together, these findings suggest mechanisms underlying immune homeostasis that could be exploited in the setting of cancer and autoimmune pathologies. Peptide administered together with checkpoint blockers in relevant models of autoimmunity and cancer may offer an opportunity to gain further insight into how immune tolerance can be retained in patients receiving cancer immunotherapy.