Hardware-in-loop implementation of an adaptive MPPT controlled PV-assisted EV charging system with vehicle-to-grid integration

The penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) into society needs extensive charging infrastructure. The existing charging system solely depends on the grid supply, which is essentially fossil fuel-dependent and leads to carbon emissions and environmental pollution. This can be minimized by incorporating renewable energy into the charging grid. This article presents a charging scheme combining photovoltaic (PV) and grid, offering a clean and dependable charging plan to sustain green transport. The proposed work presents the modelling and controlling a 10 kW EV charging/discharging framework integrating PV and grid. This work has multi-fold objectives: i) the development of an intelligent hybrid maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategy, ii) the design of a fuzzy logic controlled bidirectional charger, iii) the setup of a PV-grid integrated charging system, and iv) the implementation of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation. The proposed charging system utilizes PV power and seamlessly switches to grid power whenever required. Since the performance of the PV source is affected by varying temperatures and irradiance, MPPT methods are needed to extract maximum power from the PV source. This paper developed and compared perturb and observe (P&O), Particle swarm optimization (PSO), and hybrid PSO + Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based algorithm for MPPT. The findings indicate that the PSO + ANFIS-driven method offers the highest tracking efficiency of 99.5%. This algorithm is also tested under dynamic partial shading conditions (PSC) to ensure robustness, and it led to achieving fast convergence and high efficiency despite multiple power peaks. In addition, the designed bidirectional charging system maximizes solar energy collection, minimizes the charging cost, and improves grid stability through demand balancing. The overall system is validated in a hardware-in-loop real-time environment through FPGA-based OPAL-RT.