Effector Pt31812 from Puccinia triticina acts as avirulence factor for Lr42-mediated resistance in wheat

As an obligate biotrophic fungus, the leaf rust pathogen <i>Puccinia triticina (Pt)</i> secretes a repertoire of effector proteins into host cells for modulating plant immunity and promoting fungal pathogenesis. Here, we identify the Pt31812 effector and characterize its function in pathogenesis and immune-related activity in plants. In the study, <i>Pt31812</i> was cloned by PCR, and the expression pattern and structure were analyzed by qRT-PCR and online softwares. Subcellular localization of Pt31812 was analyzed using transient expression on <i>Nicotiana Benthamiana</i>. Further functional analysis was conducted using transient expression and host-induced gene silencing (HIGS). The results showed that <i>Pt31812</i> encodes candidate effector with a predicted signaling peptide (SP) at the N-terminus, and its expression was highly up-regulated during <i>Pt</i> infection of wheat. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that Pt31812 is localized in cytoplasm and nucleus when expressed in <i>N. Benthamiana</i>. Co-expression of Pt31812 and mammalian BAX protein revealed that Pt31812 inhibited BAX-induced cell death in <i>N. Benthamiana</i>, and the fragment of 22-88 aa from the N-terminus of the effector was important for the inhibiting activity. Interestingly, expression of Pt31812 in a panel of wheat differential lines with different <i>Lr</i> resistance genes showed that Pt31812 specifically triggered cell death in a <i>Lr42</i>-harboring wheat line. Furthermore, transient gene silencing of <i>Pt31812</i> through BSMV-HIGS approach rendered loss of <i>Lr42</i>-mediated resistance against rust race <i>Pt</i>.-THSN and altered the infection type from resistant to susceptible. Our data reveal that Pt31812, as a candidate effector with immune inhibiting activity, acts as an avirulence determinant factor during <i>Pt</i> infection of <i>Lr42</i>-harboring wheat line. These findings highlight immune-related activity of specific <i>Pt</i> effectors and lay the foundation for further investigation into mechanisms of leaf rust fungal pathogenesis and recognition.