Evaluating Dietary and Environmental Risk Factors Contributing to Gallstone Disease among the General Population in Saudi Arabia

Abstract Background: Gallstone disease, also known as cholelithiasis, is the most common disease that affects the biliary system. Gallstones are solid or hardened deposits of bile that form in the gallbladder or the biliary tract. Several risk factors can lead to gallstone disease, including dietary and environmental risk factors. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the dietary and environmental risk factors contributing to gallstone disease among the general population in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 1010 adults in Saudi Arabia and aimed to evaluate dietary and environmental factors related to gallstone disease. Data were gathered using a validated online questionnaire that included sections on demographics, lifestyle, medical history, and awareness. Participants were randomly recruited through social media platforms, and informed consent was obtained before participation. Results: Among 1010 participants, 4.7% had gallbladder stones. Older age, female gender, unemployment, family history, chronic diseases, and frequent consumption of fried or sugary foods were significantly associated with the diagnosis. Most participants were aware of gallstones and believed they were preventable. Conclusion: The study found a low prevalence of gallbladder stones, with key risk factors including age, gender, dietary habits, and family history playing a substantial role. Despite high awareness levels, preventive behaviors were suboptimal. These findings highlight the importance of national public health initiatives and policies that promote dietary education, routine screening for high-risk groups, and community-based interventions to lower the future burden of gallstone disease.