Kiruna: The Arctic town that forgot about winter

Abstract Northern Sweden is currently undergoing extensive urban development, driven by industrialisation, climate change, and the European Union’s Green Deal. A crucial factor for success in these developments is creating attractive cities that can retain existing populations and attract new residents, supporting industries that depend on recruiting workers through high-quality urban environments. This article examines how the mining town Kiruna draws upon its historical identity as a ‘winter city’ to address microclimatic challenges within its ongoing urban transformation. Historically, Kiruna’s original town plan was strategically designed to provide shelter from wind and create comfortable outdoor spaces. Additionally, Ralph Erskine’s projects from the 1960s were notably climate-responsive. In contrast, the newly relocated town centre is situated in a colder, less sheltered area, and its higher-density layout has reduced solar access. Despite these limitations, certain design elements still reflect traditional winter city principles.