Current Evidence of Evaluation and Management of the Athlete with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

Abstract Purpose of Review To review the evidence for evaluation and management of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) in the athlete. Recent Findings Physical examination maneuvers that help with evaluation of PFPS include functional testing such as double and single leg squat test as well as the eccentric step test. For treatment of PFPS, recent guidelines focus on hip and core strengthening, rather than isolated quadriceps strengthening. Studies evaluating the use of injections, including botulinum toxin into the vastus lateralis, show mixed results. Summary PFPS is characterized by anterior knee pain associated with activities such as squatting, prolonged sitting, stair climbing, and running. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and is thought to involve various biomechanical forces of the lower extremity. PFPS remains a clinical diagnosis. Treatment is largely conservative and includes activity modification and physical therapy. Additional modalities such as taping, bracing and foot orthoses can be considered. There is limited evidence supporting the use of injections for the treatment of PFPS.