Ensuring eco‐resilience in Physical Internet‐enabled production routing problem under ripple effect: a scenario‐based robust possibilistic flexible programming approach

Abstract Resilience and eco‐friendliness have emerged as two pivotal objectives for modern supply chains facing increasing disruptions and sustainability demands. The Physical Internet (PI), characterized by interconnectivity, resource sharing, and adaptability, represents a transformative approach to enhancing supply chain flexibility while mitigating environmental impacts. This study develops a two‐stage stochastic mixed‐integer optimization model to design a PI‐enabled resilient production‐routing system under the ripple effect. Furthermore, the model evaluates the influence of four distinct carbon policies, capturing the trade‐offs between resilience and eco‐friendliness. To address hybrid uncertainties arising from parameters, objectives, and constraints, this study proposes a scenario‐based robust possibilistic flexible programming approach. The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed model and solution approach are validated through a case study. The results demonstrate that the PI significantly enhances both resilience and environmental sustainability by optimizing vehicle utilization, a benefit that cannot be realized in traditional noncollaborative or collaborative supply chains. Moreover, the analysis reveals that as policymakers adopt more conservative approaches, both total costs and carbon emissions increase simultaneously. Furthermore, higher carbon prices and lower carbon emission caps do not always lead to lower carbon emissions.