Knowledge Panorama Visualization: Design Directions Informed by the Psychological Experience Structure of Panoramic Paintings

The aim of this study is to analyze visual-perceptual elements embedded in traditional panoramic paintings in relation to the four stages of psychological experience—perception, attention, emotion, and immersion—and to derive stage-specific visualization guidelines applicable to Knowledge Panorama design. A Delphi survey was conducted with design and art experts to evaluate the importance of 24 visual-perceptual elements. Based on weighted scoring analysis, five key elements were identified: wide field of view, horizon line, compositional stability, color contrast, and panoramic progression. Stage-specific findings revealed that the perception stage emphasizes immersive entry through spatial openness, the attention stage requires guided exploration via visual order, the emotion stage benefits from emotional stimulation through color and symbolism, and the immersion stage depends on narrative continuity across scenes. Significant correlations between stages (perception-attention: r = 0.64; emotion-immersion: r = 0.71) indicate that these elements function as part of a continuous and interrelated visual flow rather than as isolated components. These results underscore the importance of designing integrated visualization scenarios that reflect the psychological flow across stages, rather than arranging visual elements independently. The proposed guidelines offer a theoretical foundation for transforming Knowledge Panoramas into exploratory, immersion-centered visual content rather than simple information listings. Ultimately, this study demonstrates the applicability and significance of psychological experience-based visualization strategies in future knowledge delivery and educational content design.