Gravitational collapse and formation of regular black holes: Dymnikova, Hayward, and beyond

Abstract The gravitational collapse of a star can lead to the formation of a regular black hole. However, a key factor in this process is the transition of ordinary baryonic matter into a substance that forms the de Sitter core. However, the formation of de Sitter core during gravitational collapse remains an open question, particularly since ordinary baryonic matter does not naturally transition into the exotic matter required to form a de Sitter core. In this paper, we investigate the gravitational collapse of baryonic matter and its potential to form well-known regular black hole solutions, such as those proposed by Dymnikova and Hayward. We model the collapse process as a transition of baryonic matter into a new type of matter, accompanied by the release of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Using a generalized dynamical framework, we derive the energy density of the emitted radiation as a function of both the properties of the initial baryonic matter and the resulting exotic matter. Our findings demonstrate that the gravitational collapse can lead to the formation of various types of regular black holes, providing insights into the physical mechanisms underlying their creation. The detectable radiation signature offers a potential observational test for distinguishing between different black hole models.