Nutritional Strategies for Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review on Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health concern characterized by lingering hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and impaired pancreatic β-cell function. The effective prevention and management strategies emphasize nutritional interventions. This review examines evidence-based dietary approaches, including low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, plant-based, and calorie-restricted diets, highlighting their impact on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic health. Additionally, the role of personalized nutrition tailoring diets based on genetic, metabolic, and gut microbiota profiles is explored. Functional foods and bioactive compounds are also discussed for their potential in modulating glucose metabolism. Future directions emphasize integrating precision nutrition with lifestyle modifications to develop sustainable strategies for diabetes prevention and management, ultimately improving the quality of life for individuals with or at risk of diabetes.