Evaluation of high-strength concrete for lunar applications: Mechanical behaviour under static and dynamic loads at cryogenic temperatures

Substantial advancements in human sciences have greatly accelerated the exploration of celestial bodies. The construction of lunar bases now faces unique and severe environmental challenges, requiring materials that ensure structural integrity and stability. This study examines the static and dynamic mechanical properties of an innovative cement-free lunar high-strength concrete (LHSC). The multi-physics coupling effects of the extreme temperatures (20 °C, −70 °C, and −170 °C) and varying strain rates (approximately 30–200 s −1 ) were considered to evaluate the dynamic responses of LHSC using a 100 mm-diameter impact apparatus. The findings indicated that the compressive strength of LHSC increased from 129.5 to 153.6 MPa as the temperature decreased, with dynamic strength rising up to 70.8% above static levels at −170 °C. The energy absorption capacity generally improved with strain rate but signally deteriorated under cryogenic conditions. Dynamic split-tensile strength showed a consistent linear increase, with strength-rate sensitivity peaking at −70 °C whereas slightly diminishing at −170 °C. The ice-induced stiffening contributed to heightened material brittleness, leading to abrupt fracture initiation. The dynamic increase factor (DIF) for both compression and split-tension was higher at lower temperatures, highlighting increased rate sensitivity under cryogenic conditions, with split-tensile DIF values exceeding those of compression across all temperatures. Computed tomography (CT) scanning revealed shrinking pores and expanding ice crystals inside LHSC, which strengthened its matrix but also intensified microcrack propagation, reducing the material deformability. These insights are instrumental in developing the construction material specifically designed for the harsh lunar environments, thereby supporting strategies for sustainable extraterrestrial habitation. • Commercial lunar regolith simulant LHS-1 was used to synthesize LHSC. • Dynamic compressive and split-tensile strength peaked at 262.4 and 26.1 MPa at −170 °C. • Higher strain rates and cryogenic conditions elevated rate sensitivity and brittleness of LHSC. • CT scanning revealed ice-crystal formation intensifying microcracks at cryogenic temperatures.