Cooling solar energy tiles application by tetra hybrid Cross nanomaterial influenced by thermal radiation and activation energy

The current age is characterized by the widespread use of solar energy, particularly in manufacturing industries, with a significant emphasis on solar tiles. The need to enhance thermal efficiency under elevated heat loads drives the investigation of advanced cooling mechanisms. Motivated by this, the present study introduces a novel modified Buongiorno tetrahybrid nanofluid (MBTHNF) model aimed at improving heat and mass transfer performance in non-Newtonian Cross-type fluids. Unlike existing research focused mainly on hybrid and tri-hybrid nanofluids, this work explores the untapped potential of tetrahybrid nanoparticle suspensions under the combined influences of thermal radiation, double diffusion, and activation energy. A comprehensive mathematical model is developed, with governing partial differential equations transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity variables. These equations are then solved numerically through the Lobatto IIIa implicit Runge-Kutta method. The findings demonstrate a marked improvement in thermal performance using tetrahybrid nanoparticles compared to lower-order hybrids. The presence of thermal radiation, Brownian motion, and enhanced thermal conductivity significantly augment heat transfer, while entropy production rises with increasing Brinkman and Reynolds numbers. The heat transfer rate amplifies more by 18.13 % for R d = 0.1 and diminishes more by 3.62 % in the case of N t = 2 .