Advancing sustainable infrastructure: natural fiber-reinforced composites in engineering

The growing emphasis on sustainability in the construction and civil engineering sectors has led to the increased utilization of natural fiber-reinforced composites (NFCs) as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic materials. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of natural fibers by categorizing them into industrial, agro-waste and forest-based fibers, each with distinct sources and mechanical characteristics. It examines their physical, thermal and durability properties, highlighting their potential as reinforcements in composite materials. Additionally, the study explores their applications in both structural elements such as fiber-reinforced concrete, load-bearing components and geotechnical reinforcements and non-structural uses, including insulation, acoustic panels and erosion control systems. The mechanical behavior, thermal insulation properties and economic feasibility of these materials are critically analysed, along with challenges related to moisture sensitivity, durability and standardization. Additionally, advancements in fiber treatment techniques and emerging trends in sustainable construction materials are discussed to highlight the potential of NFCs in promoting resilient and environmentally conscious infrastructure.