MIRACLE

We present an analysis of the multi-phase gas properties in the Seyfert II galaxy NGC 424, using spatially resolved spectroscopic data from JWST/MIRI, part of the Mid-InfraRed Activity of Circumnuclear Line Emission (MIRACLE) programme, as well as VLT/MUSE and ALMA. We traced the properties of the multi-phase medium, from cold and warm molecular gas to hot ionised gas, using emission lines such as CO (2-1), H 2 S(1), [O III ]λ5007, [Ne III ]15.55μm, and [Ne V]14.32μm. These lines reveal the intricate interplay between the different gas phases within the circumnuclear region, spanning a maximum scale of 7 × 7 kpc 2 and a spatial resolution of 110 pc, with MUSE and ALMA, respectively. Exploiting the multi-wavelength and multi-scale observations of gas emission, we modelled the galaxy disc rotation curve from scales of a few parsec up to ∼5 kpc from the nucleus and inferred a dynamical mass of M dyn = (1.09 ± 0.08) × 10 10 M ⊙ with a disc scale radius of R D = (0.48 ± 0.02) kpc. We detected a compact ionised outflow with velocities up to 10 3 km s −1 , traced by the [O III ], [Ne III ], and [Ne V ] transitions, with no evidence of cold or warm molecular outflows. We suggest that the ionised outflow might be able to inject a significant amount of energy into the circumnuclear region, potentially hindering the formation of a molecular wind, as the molecular gas is observed to be denser and less diffuse. The combined multi-band observations also reveal, mainly in the ionised and cold molecular gas phases, a strong enhancement of the gas velocity dispersion directed along the galaxy minor axis, perpendicular to the high-velocity ionised outflow, and extending up to 1 kpc from the nucleus. Our findings suggest that the outflow might play a key role in such an enhancement by injecting energy into the host disc and perturbing the ambient material.

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Publication Details

Journal
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published
2025-08-04
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202554797
Citations
4
Primary Topic
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
4.62
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article

MIRACLE

G. Tozzi, G. Cresci, E. Bertola, Francesco Belfiore et al.
4 citations
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
4.62
article

MIRACLE

G. Tozzi, G. Cresci, E. Bertola, Francesco Belfiore, F. Salvestrini, A. Feltre, M. Mingozzi, A. Vidal-García, Q. D’Amato, M. V. Zanchettin, M. Hirschmann, G. Sabatini, M. Ginolfi, C. Vignali, F. Mannucci, A. Marconi, A. Amiri, E. Hatziminaoglou, Isabella Lamperti, A. F. Rojas, J. A. Fernández-Ontiveros, J. Fritz, C. Marconcini, M. Scialpi, A. Hernán-Caballero, S. Carniani, Giacomo Venturi, L. Ulivi, M. Ceci
article en
4 citations

Abstract

We present an analysis of the multi-phase gas properties in the Seyfert II galaxy NGC 424, using spatially resolved spectroscopic data from JWST/MIRI, part of the Mid-InfraRed Activity of Circumnuclear Line Emission (MIRACLE) programme, as well as VLT/MUSE and ALMA. We traced the properties of the multi-phase medium, from cold and warm molecular gas to hot ionised gas, using emission lines such as CO (2-1), H 2 S(1), [O III ]λ5007, [Ne III ]15.55μm, and [Ne V]14.32μm. These lines reveal the intricate interplay between the different gas phases within the circumnuclear region, spanning a maximum scale of 7 × 7 kpc 2 and a spatial resolution of 110 pc, with MUSE and ALMA, respectively. Exploiting the multi-wavelength and multi-scale observations of gas emission, we modelled the galaxy disc rotation curve from scales of a few parsec up to ∼5 kpc from the nucleus and inferred a dynamical mass of M dyn = (1.09 ± 0.08) × 10 10 M ⊙ with a disc scale radius of R D = (0.48 ± 0.02) kpc. We detected a compact ionised outflow with velocities up to 10 3 km s −1 , traced by the [O III ], [Ne III ], and [Ne V ] transitions, with no evidence of cold or warm molecular outflows. We suggest that the ionised outflow might be able to inject a significant amount of energy into the circumnuclear region, potentially hindering the formation of a molecular wind, as the molecular gas is observed to be denser and less diffuse. The combined multi-band observations also reveal, mainly in the ionised and cold molecular gas phases, a strong enhancement of the gas velocity dispersion directed along the galaxy minor axis, perpendicular to the high-velocity ionised outflow, and extending up to 1 kpc from the nucleus. Our findings suggest that the outflow might play a key role in such an enhancement by injecting energy into the host disc and perturbing the ambient material.

Astronomy and AstrophysicsVol. 701
Space Telescope Science Institute (US), Scuola Normale Superiore (IT), Universidad de La Laguna (ES), University of Trento (IT), Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory (IT), Trieste Astronomical Observatory (IT), Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE), Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IT), Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (ES), Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (ES), Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe (IT), Spanish National Observatory (ES), Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, University of Florence (IT), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH), Federico Santa María Technical University (CL), University of Arkansas at Fayetteville (US), University of Bologna (IT)
Openalex Percentile: Top 5%
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
4.62
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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