Cutting-edge innovations in industrial wastewater treatment using engineered biochar: State-of-the-art and future perspective

Escalating industrialization has led to an exponential increase in waste output, posing persistent challenges to ecological integrity and public health. While traditional waste treatment approaches remain prevalent, their limitations in addressing the multifaceted nature of industrial effluents have prompted the exploration of advanced, sustainable alternatives. Among emerging materials, surface-engineered biochar has garnered significant interest due to its tuneable physicochemical properties and multifunctionality. This study critically examines the role of modified biochar in mitigating diverse industrial pollutants, spanning aqueous, solid, and gaseous phases. Emphasis is placed on recent innovations such as nanostructured biochar, hybrid composites, and responsive smart systems, which exhibit superior adsorption dynamics and catalytic degradation capabilities. These advancements underscore the growing feasibility of integrating biochar-based systems into large-scale environmental remediation strategies. When aligned with circular economy principles, the deployment of modified biochar not only facilitates pollutant abatement but also contributes to sustainable resource valorization. The study concludes by identifying future priorities, including comprehensive life-cycle assessments, development of economically viable production pathways, and the establishment of clear regulatory guidelines to support mainstream adoption of this promising material in industrial waste management frameworks. • Quality, energy use, and sustainable feedstock availability are obstacles to scaling biochar production. • High initial investment and lack of standardization limit biochar's market competitiveness for traditional waste treatment. • The adoption of biochar is hampered by regulatory loopholes, ambiguous policies, industry standards, and subsidies. • Innovations in nano biochar, biochar composites, and smart monitoring systems may enhance industrial waste treatment.