Ostrich oil (Struthio camelus) traditional knowledge, applications, and future perspectives

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) oil emerges as a valuable source of bioactives with applications in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sciences. Despite its unique chemical composition rich in omega fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, research on its biological and commercial applications remains still limited. This review explores extraction methods, physicochemical properties, bioactive components, and the utility of this product in cosmetics, functional foods, and pharmaceuticals. It was made a deep review of scientific (Scopes, Dove, Elsevier) and patent sources (USPTO, WIPO, EPO) to explore ostrich oil extraction methods, composition, and uses. The quality of ostrich oils varies depending on the extraction method, diet, and environment. Supercritical fluid extraction produces oil with high purity but a limited yielding, while Low-Temperature rendering balances yield and oxidative stability. The oil has been shown to have antibacterial, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, supporting its use in skincare, and osteoarthritic diseases. Minor bioactive components present in ostrich oil, including tocopherols, sterols, and vitamins A and E enhance their functional profile, making it an ideal candidate for dietary supplements, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, its high thermal stability supports food applications, such as frying and goods products, where it improves sensory attributes and lipid profiles. Regulatory frameworks vary internationally, with stricter safety assessments in the US and EU compared to emerging markets. Despite its multifaceted benefits, research on ostrich oil remains still limited, necessitating more studies on dietary supplementation, extraction enhancements, and pharmaceutical applications. Optimizing farming practices, refining extraction techniques, and conducting clinical trials will be essential in establishing ostrich oil as a functional ingredient for cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical applications.