<i>Boswellia papyrifera</i> (Frankincense) Trees in Ethiopia and Eritrea: Review

Abstract The Boswellia papyrifera , a deciduous tree species vital for frankincense production, is indigenous to the drylands of Africa, particularly Eritrea and Ethiopia. This review consolidates existing research to examine the distribution, regeneration challenges, and threats con-fronting this ecologically and economically significant species. Despite its multifaceted roles in providing frankincense, fodder, and ecological services, B. papyrifera populations are experiencing a notable decline. Factors contributing to this include the expansion of agricultural activities into woodland areas, unsustainable tapping practices for resin extraction, excessive grazing, and the increasing impacts of climate change. Overharvesting, in particular, significantly impedes natural regeneration, resulting in a population structure dominated by mature trees. The ecological functionality of B. papyrifera in combating desertification is also under threat. Thus, the implementation of sustainable management strategies such as regulated tapping practices, controlled grazing, and the exploration of ex-situ conservation methods are urgently needed. Given their historical and cultural significance, the Orthodox churches of Ethiopia and Eritrea, which utilize frankincense in religious ceremonies, could play a pivotal role. Their involvement in promoting sustainable harvesting, establishing protected areas, and conducting reforestation initiatives could significantly contribute to the long-term viability of B. papyrifera and the preservation of the livelihoods that depend on it.