Biofortification of Wheat, Rice, and Maize with Zinc: Combating Hidden Hunger

The Green Revolution significantly enhanced the production of staple food crops, addressing the food demands of an ever-growing global population. However, an unintended consequence of this agricultural advancement has been the widespread occurrence of micronutrient deficiencies, particularly zinc (Zn). Globally, about 30% population is Zn deficient, majority of this percentage are from developing countries mainly including regions from Southeast Asian countries. Keeping in view the importance of Zn in crop production and health management this review has critically summarized the literature available for Zn biofortification in major crops like wheat, rice and maize. We have highlighted the (i) agronomic biofortification via, fertilization, seed priming, organic amendments and microbial assisted Zn (ii) breeding approach (iii) transgenic approach and (iv) application of nano-chemistry. According to the mechanism involved in the respective crop, this review critically compared the approaches and addresses the gaps in biofortification research for wheat, rice and maize. Although a large number of literatures is already available regarding biofortification however, no review paper directly addresses the Zn deficiency in all major cereals along with all possible solutions of the present time within the umbrella of biofortification. This review will provide an insight to fight increased food security and addressing the UN SDGs 2030.