Severe Surface Deformation of Metallic Biomaterials: A Study of Techniques, Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications

The success of biomedical implants significantly depends on the surface properties of the materials used. Titanium, stainless steel, and cobalt-chromium alloys are widely applied in orthopedic and dental applications due to their mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. However, these materials often face challenges in terms of poor bioactivity and susceptibility to surface degradation. Severe Surface Deformation (SSD) techniques—including Shot Peening (SP), Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT), and Laser Shock Peening (LSP)—have emerged as effective alternatives to traditional methods by inducing nanocrystalline surfaces. This study provides a comprehensive discussion of the mechanisms, applications, advantages, and limitations of SSD techniques. It also highlights material-specific outcomes, biological responses, and prospective directions, aiming to bridge the gap between materials science and biomedical engineering.