Enhancing Supply Chain Security with Blockchain-Enabled IoT Devices: An FPGA-Based Implementation of Dual Hashing for Cryptographic Integrity

This research presents an FPGA-based IoT security framework integrating blockchain technology with a dual hash approach to enhance the security, integrity and resilience of data transmission in supply chain transportation networks. The proposed system-on-chip (SoC) architecture, implemented on the Zynq Ultrascale [Formula: see text] MPSoC platform, combines SHA-3 (256-bit) and BLAKE2s cryptographic hashing algorithms to ensure real-time authentication and tamper-resistant data storage. The system incorporates machine learning-assisted anomaly detection to detect unauthorized modifications and optimize cryptographic performance. The framework is validated through a real-world case study in the Triphala Rasayana supply chain, where IoT sensors monitor weight, temperature, humidity and GPS coordinates to enforce production compliance. Blockchain-enabled smart contracts are used for secure and immutable transaction logging, ensuring end-to-end data traceability. FPGA-based performance evaluation demonstrates the system’s efficiency, utilizing only 3,229 logic cells, 69 I/O ports and consuming 0.159[Formula: see text]W of power. Cryptographic resilience is validated through tests for collision resistance, preimage resistance, second preimage resistance, entropy and the Avalanche effect. A comparative analysis highlights the system’s superior real-time capabilities, reducing latency to microseconds and providing adaptive security scaling and optimized power efficiency.