Ethylene signaling in <i>Arabidopsis</i>: a journey from historical discoveries to modern insights

Ethylene, a simple gaseous hydrocarbon, serves as a pivotal regulator of plant growth, development, and stress adaptation. Since its identification as a phytohormone in the early 20^th century, ethylene research has evolved from physiological observations to molecular dissection of its signaling pathway. This review synthesizes historical breakthroughs—including Neljubov's seminal discovery of the ethylene-induced 'triple response' and the establishment of the canonical genetic framework—with recent advances in ethylene signal transduction in <italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic>. It further highlights how core signaling components mediate extensive crosstalk with hormonal and environmental pathways, reinforcing ethylene's central role in plant adaptation. Despite substantial progress, unresolved questions persist, including the structural basis for receptor-ethylene binding, the biochemical function of EIN2, and the spatiotemporal regulation of signaling hubs. By consolidating current knowledge, this review provides a foundation for future investigations that may ultimately support translational applications in agriculture.