Biomedical Applications of Bismuth Vanadate Nanoparticles: A Review

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) nanoparticles have recently emerged as promising multifunctional materials in biomedical applications due to their excellent optical properties, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. This review systematically summarizes current advancements in the synthesis methods, properties, and biomedical applications of BiVO₄ nanoparticles, emphasizing their use in bioimaging, photodynamic therapy, antibacterial treatments, and cancer therapeutics. Furthermore, critical challenges and future perspectives are discussed to advance their clinical translation.