Challenges in Closed-Loop Supply Chains: A Case Study of E-Waste Recycling Industries

This study examines the implementation challenges of closed-loop supply chains in electronic waste recycling industries through comprehensive case analysis and empirical research. The theoretical framework integrates circular economy principles with stakeholder behavioral dynamics to identify critical bottlenecks in collection networks, reverse logistics, processing technologies, and value chain integration. Examining case studies from specific e-waste recycling businesses shows that successful implementations need to simultaneously resolve technological, organisational, and institutional obstacles. This research illustrates non-linear patterns between the recycling performance and policies’ strictness, highlighting both threshold and tipping points that catalyse sector-wide shifts. A joint government-business model is centred on governance minimalism, multi-tier incentive frameworks, and PPPs focused on infrastructure. It was found that in achieving sustainable closed-loop systems, balancing short-term gains with long-term value through concerted system design, policy architecture, and tech advancement is essential. This provided both the theoretical framework and the practical policy recommendations for the electronics sector’s industrial players that aim to expedite the circular economy shift.