A comprehensive review on banana fibre: Extraction, degumming, and applications across industrial sectors

Banana fibre extracted from the pseudostem of the banana plant (Musa spp.), has gained considerable attention as a sustainable and biodegradable alternative to synthetic materials. This review explores the various extraction and degumming methods used to process banana fibre, alongside its broad range of applications in diverse industrial sectors. Traditional and mechanical extraction techniques including manual, mechanical, chemical and bilological retting are examined along with advancements various degumming processes that enhance fibre purity and performance. The integration more than one treatments especially greener methods has shown significant improvements in fibre properties, particularly in enhancing fibre-matrix adhesion for composite applications. Its high cellulose content and favourable mechanical and thermal properties make it a valuable reinforcement material in thermosetting composites, used in applications ranging from electrical casings to structural materials. In the paper industry, banana fibre contributes to the production of high-strength, long-lasting paper products including currency paper. Its potential as a biosorbent in wastewater treatment, due to its modifiable surface and high absorption capacity is also discussed. Furthermore, banana fibre is increasingly used in sustainable fashion for its aesthetic texture and environmental benefits, while offering economic opportunities to local farming communities and preserving traditional craftsmanship. This review underscores the potential of banana fibre as a versatile and eco-friendly resource, contributing to a circular bioeconomy. Emphasis is given to current innovations, material performance, and sustainable development opportunities across sectors such as construction, textiles, biomedicine, and environmental management.