Urine sediment (rasub) as a diagnostic tool in nephrolithiasis (hasᾹh Wa Raml Al-Kulya) in USM: A review

In USM the examination of urine (Bawl) holds a central role in diagnosing disease & provide valuable insights into the health of liver, vascular and systematic condition especially related to kidney & urinary tract.Nephrolithiasis (hasāh al kulya) refers to the formation of crystalline deposits, commonly known as renal calculi, typically occurring within the kidneys. This condition is a growing urological concern, affecting approximately 12% of the general population globally. Unani classical texts are replete with detailed descriptions of (Hasāh al Kulya) including its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and methods of diagnosis chief among them, urine analysis.Urinalysis has historically served as a pivotal diagnostic tool, utilized by physicians from antiquity to the modern era. Notable contributions from pioneers such as Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen, and Avicenna underscore the long-standing relevance of urine examination in disease detection. In Unani medicine, detailed observation of urine characteristics such as color (lawn) consistency (qiwam), safa̅ fa̅ t & kadurat (turbidity& clarity,) volume, (mi̅ qda̅ r) froth(zu̅ bda) Odor (boo) and the presence of sediment (Rasūb) offers valuable insights into the body's physiological and metabolic status.Particularly, Rasūb (urinary sediment) is emphasized as a significant indicator in identifying the formation, presence, and excretion of renal calculi. This paper aims to explore the diagnostic significance of urine sediment in nephrolithiasis, aligning classical Unani principles with modern clinical understanding.