What does memory retrieval leave on the table? Modelling the Cost of Semi-Compositionality with MINERVA2 and sBERT

Despite being ubiquitous in natural language, collocations (e.g., kick+habit) incur a unique processing cost, compared to compositional phrases (kick+door) and idioms (kick+bucket).We confirm this cost with behavioural data as well as MINERVA2, a memory model, suggesting that collocations constitute a distinct linguistic category.While the model fails to fully capture the observed human processing patterns, we find that below a specific item frequency threshold, the model's retrieval failures align with human reaction times across conditions.This suggests an alternative processing mechanism that activates when memory retrieval fails.